Attitudes Towards Implementation of Evidence Based Practice

Attitudes Towards Implementation of designate ground utilizationIntroductionThe border of distinguish found work out (EBP) was for the initial time used in medicine as curtilage base medicine, subsequently that the term authentic and being used in nursing with intent of build up scientific database to im base nursing as comprehension (Colyer and Kamath, 1999). Evidence found behave was passed through three stages in which the EBP was appeared in Old Testament which was the showtime nisus and appearance of EBP after that the EBP was bring forthed in different course of action in centre ages, in which the finale of middle ages was considered a stage of renaissance of the EBP which characterized by beliefs-related methods of tr work throughment the tertiary stage of EBP was the modern stage, in which the modern stage considered the last mutation of EBP that began at 1972 in which the modern version of EBP was the EBP that widely known form among highly educated a nd professional nurses (Claridge and Fabian, 2005).The Bible was the oldest known source in EBP documentation, in which the Bible contains a story that was represented as an preventiveal search that progress for ten days (Weingarten, 2003) the story in the Bible utter Then Daniel said to the guard whom the master of the eunuchs had put in censure of Hananiah, Miscael and Azariah and himself .Submet us lo this rest for ten days. Give us only vegetables to eat and water to drink then compare our looks with those of the young men who sacrifice lived on the food assigned by the king and be head in your treatment of us by what you see. The guard listened to what they said and tried them for ten days. At the end of ten days they looked wellnessier and were cleanse nourished than all the young men (Claridge and Fabian, 2005, P. 548).During the second stage of EBP (1700s-1900s), the EBP was certified to believes-related methods of treatment in which Blood-letting was the main tre atment for many diseases in middle age period (Klar and Donner, 2002). Physicians and priests were used Blood-letting in which Physicians and priests were believed that diseases caused by wicked souls in which the diseased patients should be injured to expel the wicked souls with blood immaterial of patients bodies (Klar and Donner, 2002).During the last quatern decades, the EBP was featured in a modern form in which the borderline for modern period of EBP was began in 1972 by Archie Cochrane (Klar and Donner, 2002). Cochrane (1972) print a paper with title of Effectiveness and efficiency random reflections on wellness services in which the paper was discuss and measure out the military issue of randomization (the randomization was regard to patients and regard to intervention) on the outcomes of the patients health. The Cochranes paper was the first paper reflects the importance of randomized clinical trials in which Cochrane was found that the randomization of the sample an d intervention testament exhibit try with high look which rectify the quality of health reverence digestd and improve health outcomes of the patients (Cochrane, 1972).Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (2005) outlined EBP as a noesis- ground conflict-resolving strategy that performed by adapting best available say to provide best possible forethought for patients and their families. Furthermore, Evidence Based Practice is a process of integration of research- ground consequents which contribute to achieve best put (Institute of Medicine, 2001). In addition, Sackett, Rosenberg, Gray (1996) estimated that evidence based coif is synchronous conspiracy of professional nursing experience and research with high train of evidence under patients believes and values consideration. Besides that, Ingersoll (2000) record that evidence based make is meticulous, unambiguous, and well-judged theoretical information and reliable research-findings to provide efficacious decisions near pat ients disquiet regard to patients and organizational needs (P. 152). Furthermore, evidence based utilize specify as Explicit and judicious decision making round health care delivery for individuals or groups of patients based on the consensus of the most pertinent and supported evidence derived from theory-derived research and data-based information to respond to consumers preferences and social expectations (Driever, 2002, p. 593).Evidence based utilize is considered as a magical resolvent for complicated health problems (Institute of Medicine, 2001). Furthermore, evidence based coiffe considered wide check off term used as a solution to clinical-related problems which began to provide findings and fundamental principle of clinical decision on best reliable and evident researches with place of improving health care provided (Sackett, Strauss, Richardson, Rosenberg, and Haynes, 2000). The Institute of Medicine (2001) was illustrated that EBP process provide intensive car e to patients, development efficacious recent researches to achieve in demand(p) outcomes, and provide cost effective standard care. In addition, a nonher topic found that EBP enhance nurses professions by improving nurses knowledge and skills to analyze, visualize and develop research (Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt, 2005). Evidence Based Practice improves nurses cleverness to be rightness profession in areas of rule, and improves patients health outcomes by providing high qualified nurses (Institute of Medicine, 2001).Evidence based practice improve patients outcomes deep down four places clinical symmetry (improve signs and symptoms of patients diseases), life quality dimension (improve patient satisfaction upon to life), functional dimension (improve patients ability to achieve daily living activity), and economic dimension (using EBP was prove ensure of cost effectiveness for patient and hospital) (Weaver, Warren, and Delaney, 2005). In addition, Newhouse, Dearholt, Poe , Pugh, and White (2005) present that the evidence based practice improve efficacy of health care provided to achieve pleasurable patients outcomes, save patients/nurse time, and use of EBP considered cost effective for patients, families, and hospitals.Melnyk, Fineout-Overholt, Sadler, and Green-Hernandez (2008) enter that apparatusation of evidence based practice place be achieved by improving nurses knowledge and skills close research and evidence based practice, improve and strengthening nurses beliefs to reinforce nurses to be integrated within evidence based practice environment. Evidence based practice education result nurses to formulate and answer any research question raised from clinical area by recent and reliable researches, allow nurses to critique and measure any research check to level of evidence, allow nurses to conduct researches according to patients needs family nurse and hospital needs, and allow nurses to share research findings as journal club activit y (Melnyk, Fineout-Overholt, Sadler, and Green-Hernandez, 2008).Another national conducted by woman chaser and Greenhouse (2007) documented that using of EBP is significantly needed in clinical practice, in which EBP pleasured to achieve improvement in patientfamilynurse education regard to see to it and treatment, improve quality of health care provided by nurse and hospital, improve using new technology in clinical setting as computers, and build nurses community prepared with recent scientific information.Most of health care provided by nurses nowadays is based on traditional practice with observable deprivationing in evidence-based practice (Mariano, Caley, Eschberger, Woloszyn, Volker, Leonard, et, al. 2009). Furthermore, an Iranian study was conducted to name the Iranian nurses perception toward EBP, the Iranian study was conducted by using gismo sample of 21 nurses who undergone within qualitative research design in which the Iranian study was documented that 21 partici pants from nurses did not listen about the theory of evidence based practice before and they did not implement EBP in clinical area (Adib-Hajbaghery, 2009).American and Netherlandic studies conducted at 1998 and 2001 respectively was estimated that about 35% of hospitalized patients do not receive evidence based care (the nurses treat patients according to traditional care that was not based on researches) (Schuster, McGlynn and Brook, 1998 Grol, 2001) in which Estrada (2009) conducted a descriptive study to assess nurses knowledge and attitudes toward EBP, in which the Estradas study was founded that 25% of sample did not hear about EBP previously. Moreover, Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (2007) was conducted a study to develop two scales attitude toward EBP scale and implementation of EBP scale, in which Melnyks and Fineout-Overholts study was estimated that 40% of collected sample did not listen and dealt with the concept of EBP previously. Evidence based practice improve patients outcome in contrast, lack of nurses prepared evidence based practice will affect patients outcomes negatively (Institution of Medicine, 2001) in which, about 25% of health care provided was not sufficient to meet patients needs and the health care provided was not safe for hospitalized patients (Schuster, McGlynn and Brook, 1998 Grol, 2001). Furthermore, Pravikoff, Pierce, and sixpence (2005) conducted a study to gauge nurses perception to integrate within EBP which conducted by random sample of 1,097 nurses, the researchers were found that more than half of the sample did not listened about EBP previously, more than half of the sample had a negative attitudes toward EBP and those nurses was not integrated within EBP activities, 73% of the nurses had not ability to use electronic database, and all 1,097 nurses had not sufficient information about choosing best researches.The problems that immobilise of EBP for nursing and medical societies has been reported by Institution of Medi cine (2001) in which around 45% of patient did not received professional health care the implementation of new discovered evidence needs about two decades at least to let the recent of evident researches to be handled and public with nurses and medical stuff worldwide, and health care providers were not adequately prepared to translate recent researches in clinical practice.Hunt (1996) think that there is a wide whole between using the findings of researches and clinical practice in which an interventional study was conducted to evaluate the effect of educational intervention on nurses knowledge and attitudes toward EBP, the pre- test of these educational study was showed that 50% of 49 convenience sample of nurses did not listen about EBP and professional health care provided previously (Varnell, Haas, Duke, and Hudson, 2007). In addition, Melnyk (2006) concluded that the implementation of evidence based practice was little in nursing that explained by Hunt (1996) who documented t hat there are several factors prevent evidence based practice implementation as disorientation toward research, lack of beliefs (attitudes) exhibited toward using research, and lack of sense of research elements.There are some ramparts to EBP were appeared these parapets limit nurses engagement within evidence based practice (Weaver and Sorrells-Jones, 1999). Funk, Champagne, Wiese, and Tornquist (1991) estimated that these barriers had been originated from different sources and organized within four categorical origins characteristic of the nurse, characteristic of setting, characteristic of research and characteristic of notification of research. Furthermore, Funk, Champagne, Wiese, and Tornquist (1991) documented that nurse can be considered as a barrier to implement EBP in which nurses were unaware about principles of research and research process, and nurses had not sufficient time to implement EBP . Moreover, Funk, Champagne, Wiese, and Tornquist (1991) concluded that prac tice setting can be considered as a barrier to implement EBP in which hospitals were not provided sufficient facilitation to implement EBP activity within clinical setting, and nurses had not ability to change patient-care procedure without getting permission from hospitals authority to change guidelines. Indeed, Funk, Champagne, Wiese, and Tornquist (1991) documented that research and research presentation can be considered as barrier to implement EBP in which nurses were believed that research elements as introduction, literature review, methodology, statistical analysis, and remainder were not understandable clearly within articles.Melnyk (2006) concluded that nurses need relevant teaching strategies to provide nurses with adequate evidence based practice knowledge and skills and provide nurses with positive beliefs (attitudes) toward integration within evidence based practice activity. Di Leonardi (2007) documented that lecture presentation for educational intervention was con sidered most effective and appropriate teaching strategy lectures were widely-spread and known perfectly to all universitiescolleges-certificated persons. In addition, Hart, Eaton, Buckner, Morrow, Barrett, Fraser, et, al. (2008) were conducted an educational intervention to teach nurses about nursing research and evidence based practice by using computer-based modules strategy in which the result was exhibit that the educational intervention improve nurses knowledge and skills about using research and evidence based practice, and improve nurses attitude toward evidence based practice.Lacey (1996) was evaluated 870 courses of the English National Board which contain materials enable scholarly person nurses to understand research and evidence based practice, with convenience sample of 30 nurses student 65% of the students were demonstrated that knowledge, skills about research and evidence based practice were significantly improved after the educational intervention. Furthermore, Hu ndley, Milne, Leighton-Beck, Graham, Fitzmaurice (2000) compared between yearn term research course (six months) and short term research course (one month) the study conducted by convenience sample of 481 nurses and midwives the result showed that nurses who integrated within long term research course were exhibited more knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward evidence based practice than respondent received short term research course.The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of educational intervention about evidence based practice and nursing research lectures on the beliefs toward using evidence based practice, to evaluate the effect of educational intervention about evidence based practice and nursing research lectures on the frequency of the implementation of evidence based practice, to determine any differences between two groups (experimental and control group) regard to variables (age, gender, level of education, the experience in clinical area, and the effect of educational intervention that will be implemented), to investigate the variation among socio-demographic variables in response to evidence based practice beliefs and frequency of evidence based practice implementation, and to fixing first block in building EBP team in King Abdulla University Hospital.